Short-Wave also know as radio frequency present was launched in 1942 and is often a high-frequency thermal existing that electrolocoagulates the root also know since the papillae. Reality a lot of people are unaware that every and just about every hair has its very own person blood provide also identified as capillaries that nourishes each and every and every single hair with the follicle. Electrolocoagulation can also be recognized as merely cauterizing the germinative construction with the papillae or else identified since the root removes the blood provide that nourishes the hair outcomes in its termination. Electrolysis vs Laser Hair Removal

Computerized Thermolysis will be the most comfy correct effective and quickest of types of electro-cauterization with the root denies the hair nourishment by way of the capillaries and from they are the root dies and more new hairs can not reproduce in that follicle. Short-Wave existing is recognized for becoming fast and effective and when you have a STATE With the Artwork computerized epilator using a speedy insertion delay and outstanding sensible talent you are able to deal with among 300 to 900 hairs per-hour that’s verified from the counter within the epilator.

Galvanic is often a reduced frequency existing that cycles 600 instances or much less per moment furthermore it is actually identified since the Chemical Present that outcomes in the electrolytic conversion response within the formation of sodium hydroxide that penetrates the whole composition with the follicle. Galvanic existing allows the electrolytic conversion response henceforth the phrase electrolysis was employed due to the formation of Sodium Hydroxide aka Lye that is 1 with the simple chemical components located within the human physique. Immediately after introducing galvanic present through the probe to get a minimal of 3 seconds Sodium Hydroxide aka Lye begins forming inside the follicle. Working with specialised magnification the electrologist is in a position to determine small white microscopic bubbles effervescing in the orifice with the follicle. even though Sodium Hydroxide also recognized, as Lye is of an alkaline base it’s got an acidic impact and that outcomes within the electrodessication with the whole follicle wall and framework, in reference this indicates it dehydrates the follicle. Electrolysis vs Laser Hair Removal

Additionally, galvanic brings about the electro-decomposition with the follicle wall by entirely breaking down the entire composition with the follicle through the mixed electrolytic conversion response and focus of Sodium Hydroxide AKA Lye within the somme construction with the follicle. Galvanic existing is most powerful for resistant difficult curved distorted hairs.

The Mix epilator was invented in 1948 by Arthur Hinkel Organization and could be the mixed simultaneous utilization of Short-Wave and Galvanic currents and every single specific type of electrolysis is made use of hair and skin situation. Which method is superior? Truth all 3 strategies, virtually used, are useful together with the Mix and Galvanic currents getting selection for difficult distorted hair. all 3 modes create constructive outcomes for instance Short-Wave for fast clearing dealing with 300 to 800 hairs per-hour providing you a easy, hair-free complexion and, consequently, strengthen your look and sensation of psychological properly becoming. On serious instances I rotate all 3 modes based the sort of hair and location to become dealt with. is Laser Hair Removal Safe

still, it truly is as much as the electrologist to create the very best option based on you hair and skin sort what present is most desirable for you personally. Nonetheless a seasoned electrologist doesn’t restrict himself or herself to 1 mode of therapy that can gradual your patient’s progress.

HOW DO I decide on a Certified ELECTROLOGIST?

How do I pick a certified electrologist? a certified electrologist is certified and registered having a state board of electrologists and has minimal of 700 to 1100 several hours of skilled coaching in clinical sciences, sensible principle and has effectively finished a published and sensible state board examination. Their license and registration is usually verified by basically calling their state board. when quite a few certificates are shown, how do I am aware which 1 is bona fide? Only 33 states demand licensing and registration for electrologists. appear for any state license and certificate of registration with license amount and diploma from the nationally and state accredited college. If one can find no specifications within your state (Arizona has none), then an electrologist which has produced the work to go after their training from state and acquire a license and registration is your most desirable selection. Only a state has the authority to concern a license and registration. Client watch out for counterfeit mail purchase diplomas and weekend program certification, and maintain in thoughts, no college can license or sign-up an electrologists. Truth and for that report employing the instance: Jane Doe, Do.P.E. (Licensed Expert Electrologist) doesn’t imply the electrologist is state certified or registered.

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Taken from Boston Electrolysis As opposed to Short-term Laser Hair Removing over at Alternative Fuels

BANGKOK | Thu Oct 6, 2011 7:25am EDT

BANGKOK (Reuters) – Thailand aims to revive a long-stalled plan to become an oil trading and biofuel hub in Southeast Asia, challenging Singapore’s dominance, its new energy minister said on Thursday.

The net oil importer plans to boost its crude reserves, excluding refined oil products, to 29 days from 18 days now to improve energy security, said Pichai Naripthaphan, as consumers face volatile crude prices which continue to hold above $100 a barrel..

“If we have the land bridge, Thailand has the potential to become a center for oil trading and a leader in biofuel in the region,” he said without giving details when the plan will take shape.

The land bridge — a plan dating back more than 20 years to build a 180 km (112 mile) trans-peninsula rail, road and pipeline link between the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea — would speed up the transport of crude oil from the Middle East for refining.

The original $700 million southern Thailand project was stalled after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, which prompted the government of then premier, Thaksin Shinawatra, to conduct a review before it was scrapped in 2005.

“We have crude reserves for just 18 days, which is quite low. for security reasons, we should have more and we want to boost it by another 11 days,” said Pichai, who was appointed to the post in the new government of Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra, Thaksin’s sister, who came to power after the July 3 elections.

To boost reserves, the government is encouraging state-controlled PTT Pcl and its group to invest overseas, especially in neighboring countries such as Myanmar, Cambodia and Vietnam, Pichai said.

Thailand is negotiating on concessions for four or five new petroleum fields in Myanmar, both onshore and offshore, and aimed to resolve a dispute on territory with Cambodia next year, he said.

The government recently announced plans to restructure retail prices by reimposing a levy on some gasoline and diesel from mid-January to help stabilize the state Oil Fund.

The new measures, which include gradual rises in prices of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and natural gas for vehicles (NGV), would let retail fuel prices gradually adjust to reflect actual costs, although the government still planned to subsidize some sectors such as mass transport, Pichai said.

Thailand continued to promote the use of “green” gasohol and encouraged ethanol makers to produce more to meet rising demand, he said.

FOCUS ON RENEWABLE, CLEAN ENERGY

The country is to stop selling 91-octane gasoline in late 2012, which should boost demand for ethanol by 700,000-800,000 liters a day, Pichai said, adding the new gasoline prices should make gasohol more attractive to motorists.

“Demand for ethanol will definitely bounce back next year, when we resume collecting money for the Oil Funds,” he said.

Pichai said demand for gasoline rose 20 percent in late August after the government suspended levies on the fuel that brought the prices close to those of gasohol.

“And demand for gasohol dropped by around 20 percent because people switched back to pure benzene, which were cheaper after we removed the levies,” he said adding the short-term move was one of the government’s promises during the election campaign.

Thailand’s domestic ethanol consumption stood at 1.5 million liters per day, while total production capacity was at 3.0 million liters per day. the capacity should triple to 9.0 million liters a day, if Thailand becomes the trading hub, Pichai said.

Ethanol producers had to switch to export more ethanol in the past couple of months to survive, after domestic demand fell

sharply due to the government policy to remove levies on gasoline prices.

The country has exported 60 million liters of ethanol so far this year, up from 45 million liters shipped for the whole of 2010, to major buyers such as South Korea, Japan, Singapore, the Philippines and China, said the Thai Ethanol Manufacturing Association.

The government also planned to promote the use of NGV and aimed to import less LPG next year given NGV was safer, he said.

The ministry was drafting a new power development plan, aimed at focusing more on renewable energy and clean coal power plants.

Under the draft, renewables should account for a quarter of fuel in the next 10 years, up from 20 percent in the previous plan, while the proportion of natural gas should drop to half from 70 percent. Renewables account for about 6 percent of fuel now.

Thailand aims to diversify its energy sources after it put nuclear power plants on hold as a result of the nuclear crisis in the aftermath of Japan’s earthquake and tsunami in March.

(Editing by Alan Raybould and Ramthan Hussain)

Taken from Thailand aims to be regional energy hub, to up oil reserves over at Alternative Fuels

On any given day, humans blow through millions of gallons of gas, untold tons of coal and scads of electricity from nuclear plants, hydropower dams and various other power-producing operations.

The cost is tremendous and its perpetuation a main driver of the global economy.

All that energy equates to about 15 terawatts, give or take, per year. A terawatt is a trillion watts. And demand, while stymied somewhat by recession-aided stagnation, is expected to grow.

Fossil fuels are finite

The problem is that we humans are burning, churning and polluting our way through a finite fuel source. what if, on the other hand, we got handed to us a viable energy source that doesn’t stink up the place?

We did. Or we do. It’s the sun and an element six times lighter than air — hydrogen.

Sure, the statement’s old new to anybody on the clean energy front. Solar, solar, solar, the mantra drives oil industry execs to distraction.

But tapping into the sun for all the world’s energy is possible, we just have to figure out how to pull it off, says Derek Abbott, who looked at energy problem as an engineer would, calculating out a potential solution without letting minor details get in the way.

The size of Victoria

In a six-part lecture posted on YouTube and viewed in most cases just several hundred times, Abbott, a professor at the University of Adelaide in Australia, spells out just what it would take to capture solar energy and provide enough to power the world’s 15 terawatts. The sun, he says, produces enough energy to power about 10,000 of our planets, or 174,000 terawatts.

Imagine 500-by-500 square kilometers of parabolic mirrors used to capture the sun’s rays and reflect it back to boil water used to create electricity. Abbott’s concept is to limit digging in the ground for energy, thus going with mirrors rather than photovoltaic panels.

He says that is all it would take, should his figures prove correct, to crank up those 15 terawatts.

That’s the size of Victoria, says the Australian, referring to the southeastern state of his country that stares across the Bass Strait at Tasmania. Would anybody miss Victorians?

Possibly not New Zealanders, but that’s incidental. (I’m hardly an expert in down-under razzes but a good example is the reference to Miss New Zealand in a couple of Flight of the Conchords episodes by Australians.)

Cracking water for hydrogen

Abbott proposes to solve the on-again, off-again nature of solar power by using it to produce hydrogen via electrolysis of water. The electricity created by solar energy would create the separation of the hydrogen and oxygen molecules. The hydrogen could be exported as fuel.

Abbott’s concept involves garnering government support for research and some initial subsidies and is focused on what Australia can do. his university has as a motto: our students make an impact on the world.

Abbott points out that his theories require vetting and further research. but he also mentions that Henry Ford started building his wildly successful Model T prior to construction of many sealed roads and service stations. So it’s a Frisbee. what the heck? I’m always up for a game.

A fuel that works already

As for the safety of hydrogen, Abbott says he was encouraged by a University of Miami study that showed how a puncture of a hydrogen tank on a vehicle compares with one in a gas-powered vehicle. one explodes, one doesn’t. Suffice to say hydrogen cars, which have been embraced by the likes of Jay Leno, won’t necessarily work for a Michael Bay film.

BMW offers its hydrogen powered series 7 car with an internal combustion engine. And as Leno says, It’s a fuel just like any other fuel. The fuel is maintained cold enough to be in a liquid state.

Leno says he suspects hydrogen as a fuel will move rapidly. of course with the BMW, the driver can switch without any trouble to gasoline.

As BMW says, The future is closer than you think.

Taken from Can Solar-Generated Hydrogen Power the World? over at Alternative Fuels

I drive a 1994 Honda Accord with a lot of personality. One of her “quirks” is that she doesn’t have a functioning air conditioner. I personally don’t mind, but I have a dog, and I need to take his health into consideration during the summer months.

A few weeks ago, I tried an alternative AC system. I filled a cooler with water, froze it overnight, put it on the passenger floor and used a fan to blow across the top of the ice. Not surprisingly, it didn’t work well and water spilled all over the car.

I know the car is old. at this point, is it worth having the AC fixed?

RAY: Wind and water are the traditional alternatives to air conditioning. when water or mist is combined with a breeze, it evaporates off your skin and makes you feel cooler. but as you’ve seen, that’s messy.

TOM: The first thing is find out WHY your air conditioner isn’t working. You may just have a slow refrigerant leak.

RAY: if so, you can get the system charged up for $125 or so, and it might last you a couple of months, or even longer. In which case, you have a whole summer’s worth of air conditioning.

TOM: And if the leak is coming from a hose, or something easily fixable, you could fix it and be good for several summers — if the rest of the car lasts that long. So it’s worth asking a mechanic to test the system and give you a diagnosis.

RAY: if one of the expensive AC parts has failed, like the compressor or evaporator, then you’re talking $800 to $1,000 or more to have the new part installed.

TOM: but remember, you don’t need a new part. after all, every part on the car is 17 years old! So once you have a diagnosis, you should call a local junkyard and see if it has the part you need.

RAY: A used one probably will cost you about $100, and you’ll have to pay someone a few hundred bucks to install it for you and charge the system. It’s risky, because if the used compressor is no good, you can’t get the labor cost back. but since you’re desperate, it’s probably worth a try.

TOM: Your dog’ll be much happier, and you’ll probably recoup your investment twice over with the money you save on dry cleaning. Good luck.

What is the difference between diesel and regular gasoline? My boyfriend thinks diesel is mixed with oil, and he can’t explain what is in regular gasoline that makes it different from diesel. Please explain.

TOM: The main difference is that in diesel fuel, you still can see the dinosaur bones floating around.

RAY: actually, gasoline and diesel fuel both are made from crude oil. when crude oil comes into the refinery, it’s distilled into its heavier and lighter components.

TOM: The lighter stuff is used to make gasoline. The next-heaviest stuff becomes jet fuel. after that on the scale comes diesel. And below that is the stuff they use to fuel ships, run power plants and nourish my brother’s hair plugs.

RAY: Gasoline is lighter, less dense, more flammable and more volatile. when you spray gasoline into a cylinder, it starts to vaporize immediately, so that as soon as the spark plug fires, the gasoline detonates and powers the engine.

TOM: Diesel fuel is heavier, denser, less flammable and less volatile. To detonate it, it has to be compressed in a cylinder to a very high pressure and temperature, at which point it detonates without a spark.

RAY: The upside of diesel fuel is that, because it’s denser (like my brother), it has more energy per gallon.

TOM: The downside is that diesel fuel requires a very-high-compression engine, which is more expensive to build. And because it relies on temperature to detonate, diesel engines traditionally have more trouble starting in cold temperatures.

RAY: that combination is why northern Minnesotans like diesels so much. they can’t start them on winter mornings, but because the gas mileage is so great, they can leave them running the night before.

Hear Click and Clack on KSTX 89.1 FM at 10 a.m. Saturday and 5 p.m. Sunday. Got a question about cars? Email Click and Clack at www.cartalk.com/menus/email.html. © 2011 by Tom and Ray Magliozzi and Doug Berman.

Taken from Car’s AC fix needn’t be messy over at Alternative Fuels

There are different types of alternative energy sources and for each source, you can also expect different types of power plants that can do the energy generation. this is true as well for the hydropower option; there are at least three types of power plants. and the basis of categorization of these plants is their power capacity. The most basic is the small-hydro and this is usually adopted for small communities needing its power requirements. or this can be installed by industries and large businesses in order to meet the demands of the business. as mentioned, the hydropower plants are categorized on their power output. The small-scale or the small hydro plant is expected to deliver up to 10 megawatts or MW. and depending on the location, this definition can be varied. For example in the United States, a plant that can generate 30 MW can still be considered as a small hydro. in Canada, the definition is extended to include 50 MW in installed capacity.

There are subdivisions for this type of plant, and this includes the mini hydro that can produce less than 1000 kW and the micro hydro that can generate less than 100 kW. these ‘micro’ plants are best used to meet the requirements of small business and communities. these small hydro systems can be connected to the grid and can be used to deliver power. or this can be installed independently (this is actually the current practice in many parts of the world).

How does hydroelectricity work, and how is this generated

No matter how small or large the capacity of the power plants, all of these generates electricity by tapping on the power of running water. just like its larger-sized siblings, the small hydro will need a constant flow of water, and that source should fall from a reasonable height. Here’s how the system works. The running water is passed through a pipe into the turbine. The higher the pressure of the flowing water, the faster the blades of the turbine will turn. this rotating shaft is actually connected to the electrical generator, and this is the one that effectively converts the motion into electricity. in most cases, this is set up in areas where there are existing dams. Other entrepreneurs and developers will also look for abandoned hydro sites, purchase the property and develop these sites into new hydro plants. The choice ultimately depends on the developer based on cost-benefit analysis.

Why turn to small hydro

Getting into this option is gaining ground especially in far-flung areas. Researchers, developers and policy makers are counting on a number of reasons why this option should be given the go-signal. Top reasons include the need for minimal environmental and licensing steps, the equipments needed in energy generation are simple and the construction of the small hydro requires less time and minimal effort. Add the fact that this type of power generator offers multiple uses, and you have the perfect formula for a reliable and future source of renewable energy for small-scale applications.

Taken from Alternative Energy Sources Like Small Hydro Can Sustain Small Communities over at Alternative Fuels

There are two types of specific advantages in using a HHO for fuel system in an internal combustion engine. these advantages are:

• Saving money by using less fuel consumption
• Less engine wear through carbon build-up

All internal combustion engines (ICE) which run on fossil fuel have an inefficiency of extracting the full power from the fuel being used. Even the latest modern production engines can’t seem to get this right, even though they are far better than older engines. Proof to this is that all new gasoline engine come equipped with a catalytic converter from the factory as a mandatory legislation, because of this fuel wastage. Unburned fuel, or partially burned fuel causes toxic waste which pollutes the same air we breathe. if the gasoline fuel was to burn off completely at 100 percent, there will be no hydrocarbon fuel (made up of hydrogen and carbon), meaning that the oxygen in the air combines with the hydrogen to form water and with the carbon to become carbon dioxide.

Incomplete Fuel Combustion

When the fuel combustion isn’t fully burned, some of the carbon atoms only combine with one oxygen atom rather than two. this forms a highly poisonous gas known as carbon monoxide (CO). sometimes carbon atoms may remain bonded together and these carbon atoms might also include hydrogen atoms in the mix, because of this atom bonding attachment. this results in hydrocarbon molecules coming out of the exhaust’s tailpipe. these unburned hydrocarbons react with nitrogen oxides, which is another pollutant from fuel combustion process. this produces the photochemical smog in the presence of sunlight, which causes us lung irritation. the incomplete fuel combustion of diesel produces soot because carbon atoms can also remain stuck to one another, having few or no hydrogen atoms bonded together.

Saving Money by Using less Fuel Consumption

This incomplete fuel combustion is wasted energy, as well as being a pollutant and ultimately causes us money from not utilizing the whole amount of the fuel consumption. Adding HHO for fuel as an additive to the engine’s primary fuel will eliminate this fuel wastage by making the fuel burn completely. As the engine is designed to work with these fuel inefficiencies, the engine gains more power than necessary, which means that the primary fuel can be reduced (lean fuel setting) giving out the same, or slightly increased power output.

Less Engine Wear through Carbon Build-up

All internal combustion engines will have an accumulating carbon layer caused by the fuel combustion process. this carbon has a grinding effect on any moving parts, which scratches the highly accurate machined surfaces of the components. Some of this carbon is diluted through the engine’s oil during the combustion cycle, passing between the fine tolerances of the piston rings and bores. the oil filter usually captures any non dissolved carbon particles, together with the fine granulated metal and alloy particles caused by friction of rubbing materials. Unfortunately not all carbon deposits stop at the designated oil filter, thus managing to make it through. this is why the oil blackens after extensive use, and should be changed frequently.

Installing a HHO for fuel system not only helps in the complete fuel combustion process, but it also has an extended benefit of steam-cleaning the engine’s internals through the process. this is achieved because upon burning the HHO gas (also known as hydroxy gas) the resultant byproduct is hot dry steam which cleanses out any carbon deposits from the combustion chamber, all the way through the tailpipe.

On older engines with less advanced fuel atomization technology and less tight manufacturer clearances, it was custom to decarbonize the engine’s cylinder head every two to four years, especially on vehicles using very short distances to cover their journeys. this meant that the engine’s top was stripped and manually cleaned from these carbon deposits. Nowadays we have special carbon-cleaning equipment which can be hooked up to the vehicle’s engine to steam-clean the whole engine without removing any engine parts. this system works on the same principle of HHO for fuel system, where water is converted to hydroxy gas from the water electrolysis process. Some portable machines even use the vehicle’s own electrical system to generate this gas, while stationary machines will have a built-in power supply unit.

HHO for Fuel system Advantages

The most significant advantage of using a HHO for fuel system is as fuel saving device. One must not forget that whoever uses such a system is also contributing positively for repairing the damage caused to our climate change. Many auto manufacturers are on a constant R&D program finding alternative fuel energy resources to put into production. Hybrid and electrical vehicles are typical examples. Ongoing research is being done on hydrogen fuel only vehicles too. Unfortunately these vehicles are too expensive for normal citizens and few countries and cities have hydrogen stations installed. Most hybrid engine systems have a conventional engine which also runs on electrical power. the only hybrid exception is the BMW Hybrid 7 which uses its own gasoline engine and adapted it to run on liquid hydrogen.

The main advantages of using HHO for fuel systems are:

• No need to invest in an expensive hybrid vehicle
• Can be installed professionally in half a day
• No internal engine alterations are required
• Engine becomes more power efficient and runs smoother
• This conversion will pay for itself within a year or two from the fuel savings
• Can be easily removed and installed on another vehicle
• Becoming part of a positive movement towards present and future generations through clean energy

Taken from Advantages in Using HHO for Fuel As a Supplementary Fuel over at Alternative Fuels

In these days of rising fuel costs, and environmental concerns associated with the emissions traditional vehicles produce, many of us are looking for alternative fuel source conversions for cars. whilst there are already several choices for new vehicles, that are both cheaper to run and low emission too, buying a brand new vehicle is not a viable option for most of us due to the cost. the good news is there are many things we can all do to our current vehicle to make it greener, and also make it less demanding on our pocket when it comes to filling it with fuel. Below are four of the most common options.

1. Bio Fuel:

Bio alternatives to fossil fuel are by far the easiest way to go. they are made from renewable sources, and there are options available for both petrol and diesel cars.

A petrol car can run on ethanol or an ethanol and petrol mix. a conversion for it to run on pure ethanol will require modification to the engine’s compression ratio and other adjustments, although a modern gasoline engine can run on a blend containing 20% ethanol without change.

A diesel car can use bio-diesel, this is a form of fuel produced using vegetable based oils. a pure bio-diesel burning engine produces 80% less emissions, and a modern diesel engine can use it without modification. Older engines will need to be converted, as the natural rubber seals in them will be degraded over time.

Both ethanol blend gasoline and bio-diesel are currently available from many gas stations, so you could make the switch today.

2. Compressed Gas:

Most petrol engines can run on compressed gas, the gas used is called LPG or liquid petroleum gas. It is produced as a byproduct of crude oil distillation, however it can also be produced synthetically.

To use this type of gas your vehicle will need to be converted. usually the fuel tank will be replaced with a cylinder to hold the fuel, and a gas regulator will be fitted to the engine. the car will still have its traditional fuel tank, and will still start using normal fuel, this is because it takes time for the gas to feed in, which can cause starting problems especially when the engine is cold. if you are a keen DIY mechanic you can get a kit and do this conversion yourself.

3. Hydrogen:

There are kits available that you can fit to your car which produce hydrogen from water. they do this through a process called electrolysis. this gadget is then fed into the fuel flow, and the theory is that this hydrogen gas is burned by the engine and increases your fuel economy. the effectiveness of these systems are doubtful, and you are better off following another route.

4. Pure Electric:

The last option is to convert your current car to electric. Home kits and plans are available to help you to do this. Basically the engine of your car is replaced by an electric motor, and the fuel tank is replaced by a bank of rechargeable batteries. if you feel that the task is too much for you to complete on your own, then you can get this done professionally.

The accelerator pedal becomes a switch, and as an electric motor produces full torque from the start, no gear box is needed. as well as this there is no cooling system or oil lubrication required. Due to this fact, an added advantage of an electric vehicle is the reduced maintenance costs, in addition to lower fuel costs.

As you can see there are several choices open to you when considering alternative fuel source conversions for cars. the one you choose will depend on your available funds, as well as the way you use your vehicle. whatever method you choose should pay for itself in cost savings on fuel over time, and you will have the satisfaction that you are doing your bit for a cleaner and greener planet.

Taken from Alternative Fuel Source Conversions For Cars over at Alternative Fuels

Marelli Motori says the time and energy it has invested in the African market in the last few years is starting to pay off.  The global Italian generator giant’s regional manager for Africa, Dean Pratt:  “During the past three years we have invested a lot of time and energy in growing the Marelli Motori brand into the African market and we offer this market more value for money”.

Worldwide, Marelli Motori delivers over 160,000 motors and 20,000 generators annually with a total power in excess of 3GW.  The hydropower market is a strategic growing segment for the company with over 600 installed units thus far.  Part of this strategy is its continued involvement in the annual Hydropower Africa event, taking place again in Johannesburg in September this year.

Marelli’s Dean Pratt says there is great potential for hydropower in Africa, particularly in

South Africa, Namibia, Malawi, Zambia, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, DRC, Zimbabwe, Ghana and Uganda.

Dean Pratt says some of Marelli Motor’s successes in power projects on the continent include:

a)    North Mara (Tanzania):  “We have around 19 x 1300kva, 6600v generators running the mine. they were installed from 2001 onwards running 24/7/365 and are still going strong.”

b)    Hydroelectric water plant at Kapanga-Musumba_(DRC):  “We supplied a 225kW, 400v, 8 pole (750rpm) hydropower generator during early 2010. this has been successfully installed and running without any hitches.”

c) Marupupele_(Botswana): “We will be supplying a 1500kva, 11000v generator. this is the first time that the Marelli South African office will be involved in supply and commissioning of a 11kv generator.”

d) Exxaro Grootegeluk (South Africa):  “We supplied a 3000kva, 6600v generator. this was coupled to 20 valve MTU engine. this was just about the biggest motivator ever built word wide. this has been successfully load tested and commissioned.”

Africa’s many challenges According to Marelli’s Regional Manager Africa, power projects on the continent pose many challenges, “but there is also huge potential as so much needs to be done.”  he continues:  “there are massive power shortages but this offers an opportunity for Marelli Motori to do business here.  There is always a risk when it comes to financing projects as government or donor money is not always available which puts an extra burden on projects getting delayed or scrapped.  The hydroelectric water plant at Kapanga-Musumba is a case in point.”

Dean Pratt believes the secret of Marelli’s success since its inception in 1891 in Italy is “continuous development, investments in both equipment and people, training on new technologies, global vision, flexibility and customer focus.”  The company was named “Rolls-Royce Supplier of the Year” for 2010 as a key supplier of electric motors and generators for the marine sector.

Says Dean Pratt:  “as part of its commitment to its customers Marelli Motori has in place a global support structure through the Marelli Motori sales, service and distribution offices located in: Italy, great Britain, Germany, Malaysia, U.S.A., and South Africa.  From these international locations Marelli Motori qualified personnel can travel to all parts of the world in response to its customers’ needs.”

• Gianluca Stanic, Technical Director, MarelliMotor, Italy – Synchronous and induction generators for mini hydropower station – technical solutions for Africa’s energy and growth requirements.
• Honourable Minister Dipuo Peters, Ministry of Energy, South Africa – unlocking Africa’s generation capacity.
• Dr Elham Ibrahim, Commissioner for Infrastructure and Energy, African Union Commission, Ethiopia – Keynote address: attracting private investment to beat Africa’s energy crisis.
• Israel Phiri, Manager, Office for Promoting Private Power Investment, Ministry of Energy and Water Development, Zambia – Executive session and country focus – planned projects and tender prospects: Zambia.
• Siseho Simasika, CEO, Electricity Control Board, Namibia – Utility vs. IPP – the tariff issue.
• Jasper Odour, Executive Secretary, East African Power Pool, Ethiopia – Diversification of the energy mix and prospects for cross-border power trading to secure energy for Africa’s future.

The complete interview with Dean Pratt is available on www.hydropowerafrica.com

Taken from Marelli Motori making inroads in Africa’s hydropower industry over at Alternative Fuels

Four weeks ago, hundreds of thousands of visitors squeezed onto Titusville’s grassy medians and asphalt parking lots for the very last of three decades of ear-splitting, ground-shaking space shuttle launches.now, signs of the departure of NASA’s longest-running space program are plain to see — from the forlorn “Thanks Shuttle Workers” posters in business windows to the outdated tours at Kennedy Space Center, where visitors are still besieged with reminders of the now Earth-bound shuttle.

Florida’s self-titled “Space Coast” is suffering an identity crisis.As the home of Kennedy Space Center and the launch site for 135 space shuttle excursions over 30 years, Brevard County has long and enthusiastically embraced its status as one of the epicenters of the space industry.but now that the space shuttle program has ended, the area is struggling to define itself. Kennedy Space Center and NASA are still around, but thousands of space shuttle workers are laid off.More than the economic sting of a layoff, many community leaders say the closing of the space shuttle program has forced a painful re-examination of what types of jobs, businesses, and tourism opportunities await the Space Coast.”We can no longer continue to define our space program by what NASA does,” said Frank DiBello, the head of Space Florida, the state’s economic development arm for the space industry. “It’s a mistake and a mistake we’ve made twice.”CHANGING MISSIONSThe first time Brevard County suffered from a change in NASA’s space mission was in 1975.When the popular Apollo moon-landing program ended, about 16,000 workers that helped launch the Saturn rockets were laid off in Brevard County. NASA had shifted its priorities from exploring the moon to a shuttle program that focused on near-Earth exploration and the yet-to-be-built International Space Station.”When the Apollo program ended, there was no safety net at all,” said Roger Handberg, an expert in space policy at the University of Central Florida. Handberg said out-of-work engineers stayed in the Titusville area with the hope of gaining jobs in the shuttle program. “We had astrophysicists running gas stations,” Handberg said.that crisis eased when the first space shuttle was launched from Florida in1981. Matt Chesnut, the economic development director for Titusville, describes the clunky, bigger shuttle as similar to a moving van.”The space shuttle was big, almost like a U-Haul truck that got stuff up into space and unloaded cargo,” Chesnut said.but after the Columbia space shuttle disaster in 2003, when seven astronauts were killed after the shuttle disintegrated over Texas, NASA re-examined its priorities and decided the shuttle program had to end.In 2004, then-President George W. Bush said NASA would focus instead on exploring long-term survival on the moon and, later, Mars. This new focus meant the labor-intensive shuttle program had to be dismantled. Even with the new focus and the prospect for a new space vehicle, Handberg said, Florida stood to lose jobs.but in April 2010, President Barack Obama ended the idea of the “Constellation” program, which would have sent astronauts back to the moon, making the mission of NASA and the future of the laid-off space workers murky.instead, NASA would outsource space flight to other countries and focus on research, with a vague, longer-term goal of beginning manned space flights again with a new space vehicle.”The reality is, there was not sufficient interest nationally to build a new space program,” Handberg said.SPACE WORKERS WONDER WHAT’S NEXTThe over 7,300 space shuttle workers who have been laid off since 2008 are left wondering what the future holds.though the area has become popular as a launch site for private space exploration and unmanned NASA rockets, there simply aren’t enough jobs to fill the vacuum created by the space shuttle program ending.So locals worry about a shuttle worker brain drain in a county that has already been hit hard by the recession.”They are leaving,” said Sen. Thad Altman, R-Viera. “I have personal friends that are now working in aerospace in other states. it is a big concern.”These workers feel psychologically wounded, having dedicated their careers to the exciting mission of space exploration. their job wasn’t just a job – it was fulfilling America’s destiny.now, many are disheartened by the prospect of changing to a less-inspiring career.outside the Brevard Workforce office in downtown Titusville, Harriett Robertson carries a thick white binder with her to a meeting designed to teach former shuttle workers new skills.Robertson was laid off by United Space Alliance, the main private contractor for the shuttle program, on July 22. that was the day after the shuttle Atlantis glided to its final stop at Kennedy Space Center.she designed electrical cables for the launch complex, and is feeling daunted by the prospect of competing against thousands of other engineers for the few available space-related jobs in Brevard County.”I’m thinking of going to get some training in medical billing or something in the medical field,” said a resigned Robertson. “It’s going to be a long time before the space program comes back.”More than anything, Robertson said she is “disappointed” the federal government changed course on space policy.”We were the King of Space. now we are turning it over to the Russians. we are just giving it away.”‘DOABLE’ COMMUTESBrevard Workforce is tasked with helping laid-off shuttle workers find jobs. Judy Blanchard, the director of industry relations for Brevard Workforce, said many shuttle workers were highly specialized and need training to transition into careers in other technology fields, such as biotechnology or alternative energy.”Trying to place 8,000 workers in Brevard County is certainly a challenge for us,” Blanchard said, noting the unemployment rate in Brevard for June was 11.3 percent, higher than the state average.Blanchard said beyond filling local jobs, they are trying to find positions for these workers outside of Brevard County, in nearby Volusia and Indian River counties. “Those are very doable commutes,” Blanchard said.the county has also secured a $15 million federal grant to help train aerospace workers for other industries, which so far 60 companies have taken advantage of to hire 154 people.but the biggest challenge may be healing the psychological blow of a major career change.”They are grieving, and what they really want is their old job back and to work in human space flight because it’s in their soul,” Blanchard said. Brevard Workforce modeled its transition program for space workers after the military’s attempts to transition deployed military personnel back to civilian life.”When you think about the stress and anxiety of ‘How am I going to pay my bills?’ it’s more than that,” Blanchard said. “It’s adjusting to the change of everything you’ve ever known, realizing that how you identify your worth and who you are by having a business card, all of that is going away.”SPACE COAST CLINGS TO TOURISMThough the layoffs pack an economic punch, it’s the loss of tourists that some business owners are fretting over.Space shuttle launches brought between 100,000 to 200,000 people into the county, with more than a million visitors for the last shuttle launch of Atlantis on July 8.Brevard County has a $2.8 billion tourism industry, and a good chunk of that comes from the space program – from launches, visits to Kennedy Space Center, or business travel related to the industry.many people incorrectly believe that the space shuttle program’s end means the end of NASA, Chesnut said.”Our biggest challenge is telling people the space center is not dead,” Chesnut said. “This town isn’t dying over here.”DiBello, the head of Space Florida, said rocket launches done by private companies and NASA will still draw tourists. “We are continuing to try to increase diversity and the number of launches occurring,” DiBello said.At Kennedy Space Center on Tuesday, tourists still arrived by the dozens. the tourist center still emphasizes the shuttle program, with a body-rattling flight simulator and exhibits devoted to understanding the shuttle.Guided tours still take visitors to see the now-defunct shuttle launch pads and the empty shuttle assembly building.A tour guide assured visitors that the gap between space programs is a mere “dry spell.”Chesnut said they are trying to stave off a drop in tourism by promoting the area’s eco-tourism. thanks to the presence of NASA, thousands of acres between the Indian River and Atlantic Ocean remain undeveloped.”We are smack dab in the middle of two of the most beautiful nature preserves in the United States,” Chesnut said. Kennedy Space Center tour guides specifically point out manatee playgrounds, an eagle’s nest and alligators.”It is beautiful,” Chesnut said. “People can boat, they can kayak, they can bicycle.”REINVENTING THE SPACE COASTDiBello said the recipe for the Space Coast’s future success includes broadening what the area is known for.”The state’s strategy for the growth of this industry lies in diversification of the industry,” DiBello said. “The space marketplace is so much broader than just NASA.”But one challenge for Florida is, it has always been known as a launch site, not a place where space vehicles or airplanes are actually conceived of or developed. Handberg called Kennedy Space Center a “truck stop.”Florida missed the boat early on to lure nonlaunch space jobs, and now is playing catch-up, Handberg said.”(Florida) tended to think about building houses and condos,” he said. “Space was considered a regional issue in Florida. I don’t think most people thought about the economic flow.”Altman denies this charge, saying the Legislature was aggressive in offering incentive packages.the Legislature did pass a space tax incentive program this year which gives private companies or government contractors involved in space flight a tax break if they bring 35 new jobs and invest at least $15 million over a three-year period.Between this package and research and development tax credits, the Legislature made $17.1 million in tax incentives available.Supporters of Florida’s space industry say it’s a nice start, but more should be done.Chesnut said Florida is falling far behind other states in tax credits for renewable energy companies. He and others see renewable energy companies as a good transition industry for shuttle workers.”We have to create our own destiny with our incentives,” Chesnut said.the Space Coast finds itself scrambling to lure companies at a time when companies struggle to access cash.many incentive programs only reward companies after they move to Florida and create jobs.”In today’s economy, it is difficult to turn to private capital for bank financing to set up operations,” DiBello said.There have also been several recruiting victories.Space X is one success story. the California-based company that will send its Falcon 9 rockets to the International Space Station employs 60 people in Florida with an annual payroll of $5 million.Space X said it expects to double that work force in the next few years.”There is no one business in the area that will take up 7,000 jobs at one time,” DiBello said. “We have to replace that volume of work with small bits of two and three hundred at a time.”Altman places blame squarely on the federal government for ending the shuttle program without clear guidance on what is next. “For the first time in our history, we have seen an actual program just canceled, dropped,” Altman said. “The federal government needs to come to the table.”DiBello agrees that the federal government could play a big role in the area’s recovery.”Congress has been lacking in clarity,” DiBello said, leaving many workers in limbo as they weigh whether to change careers, move, or stay and hope for a new space job.”No one fully understands what NASA is doing and that is a difficult situation,” DiBello said.still, a lot of optimism remains. Even laid-off shuttle workers say they want to stay in Florida because they believe the area will bounce back and will offer a better variety of jobs when it does.Mark Stewart, who was laid off from United Space Alliance on July 22, says he wants to stay in Florida. He worked as an engineer in the shuttle’s liquid hydrogen system, a job he likened to being a “fancy gas station attendant.”"I’m sure eventually something will come around, the question is how long?” Stewart said. “I can’t sit and twiddle my thumbs. I’d love to stay in that field, I had a good time with it.”Stewart is looking at going back to school to learn computer-aided design, and hopes to land another engineering job in the area. For most shuttle workers, severance packages and unemployment benefits are keeping their bills paid for now while they look for other jobs or learn new skills.Even Gov. Rick Scott said he’s optimistic about the area’s potential to reinvent itself as a high-tech hub.Scott told the Tallahassee Democrat on Monday that the end of NASA’s space shuttle program represents “a big opportunity” for Florida, with a pool of talented engineers available to technology companies.”I’m very optimistic,” Scott said.

Taken from Post-Shuttle, Space Coast Seeks New Identity over at Alternative Fuels

The choices are overwhelming while picking the perfect hair removal technique. The methods that you can opt for are electrolysis, thermolysis or you could use a mixture of both the methods called the ‘blend’ method. Electrolysis and thermolysis are additional methods to the already existing ones that are good. How can you choose the best hair removing method that will suit your needs? Though it is not a very difficult decision to make, it requires a certain amount of research related to the options available to you. The two things that you have to consider are your skin type and sensitivity and the amount of pain that you will be able to tolerate.

The electrolysis process has been followed for many decades now. It is a process in which hair is removed permanently. Each individual hair follicle is destroyed using this technique and this stops hair growth. in this technique a slim probe is put into the follicle of the hair. While the insertion of the probe is done one should take care to make sure the skin does not get punctured. As soon as the probe is inserted into the hair follicle there is an electrical current that is allowed to pass through, this current reaches the probe’s end and a chemical reaction that causes water and salt molecules in the follicle to be changed to lye takes place. The lye causes the loosening of the hair. The damage caused to the follicle base is permanent. Tweezers are then used to gently pull out the loose hair. At every follicle where hair needs to be removed the process is repeated.
Electrolysis is the most commonly used method for permanent hair removal. However, it is a very painful and expensive process. This method of hair removal is not suggested for hair removal from large areas. After the removal of hair using electrolysis, you may require other treatments. Technicians with prior experience must perform electrolysis because if the method is not carried out properly it may cause irreparable damage to the skin and it can lead to the regrowth of hair.

In thermolysis you have to insert a probe into the hair follicle the same way as it is done in electrolysis. Once the probe is inserted, water molecules present in the hair follicle move around to produce heat. The heat produced by these molecules destroys the base or dermal papilla that prevents hair growth in the future. Though this method is much faster than electrolysis it is not very effective. Thermolysis may cause burning as well as scarring and it requires expertise.

You can also use a combination of both electrolysis as well as thermolysis. This method is called the ‘blend’ method. The blend method is much quicker and more efficient and is becoming popular. The molecular transformation of electrolysis is combined with the heating of thermolysis, which generates heated lye, and this heated lye accelerates follicle hair damage. It is not only efficient and much quicker but is ideal and effective on various types of hair.

You may opt to use any of the three methods mentioned for permanent hair removal but it is most important to insist on the use of sterilized equipment as needles and probes are used. using sterilized probes and equipment will bring down instances of infection. make sure that you hire the expertise of trained personnel.

Taken from Choosing The Right Hair Removal Method – Electrolysis, Thermolysis Or Both over at Alternative Fuels